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Basic emotions
Explanations
> Emotions > Basic
emotions
List of emotions | So
what
List of emotions
What are the basic emotions? As ever, theorists disagree. Ortony and Turner (1990) collated a wide range
of research on identification of basic emotions.
| Theorist |
Basic Emotions |
| Plutchik |
Acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise
|
| Arnold |
Anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate,
hope, love, sadness |
| Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth |
Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise |
| Frijda |
Desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow |
| Gray |
Rage and terror, anxiety, joy |
| Izard |
Anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame,
surprise |
| James |
Fear, grief, love, rage |
| McDougall |
Anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-emotion, wonder |
| Mowrer |
Pain, pleasure |
| Oatley and Johnson-Laird |
Anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness |
| Panksepp |
Expectancy, fear, rage, panic |
| Tomkins |
Anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame,
surprise |
| Watson |
Fear, love, rage |
| Weiner and Graham |
Happiness, sadness |
Here is a deeper list of emotions as described in Parrot (2001), where emotions
were categorised into a short tree structure.
|
Primary emotion |
Secondary emotion |
Tertiary emotions |
| Love |
Affection |
Adoration, affection, love,
fondness, liking, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion,
sentimentality |
| Lust |
Arousal, desire, lust,
passion, infatuation |
| Longing |
Longing |
| Joy |
Cheerfulness |
Amusement, bliss,
cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, jolliness, joviality, joy, delight, enjoyment,
gladness, happiness, jubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria |
| Zest |
Enthusiasm, zeal, zest,
excitement, thrill, exhilaration |
| Contentment |
Contentment, pleasure |
| Pride |
Pride, triumph |
| Optimism |
Eagerness, hope, optimism |
| Enthrallment |
Enthrallment, rapture |
| Relief |
Relief |
| Surprise |
Surprise |
Amazement, surprise,
astonishment |
| Anger |
Irritation |
Aggravation, irritation,
agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness |
| Exasperation |
Exasperation, frustration |
| Rage |
Anger, rage, outrage, fury,
wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite,
vengefulness, dislike, resentment |
| Disgust |
Disgust, revulsion, contempt |
| Envy |
Envy, jealousy |
| Torment |
Torment |
| Sadness |
Suffering |
Agony, suffering, hurt,
anguish |
| Sadness |
Depression, despair,
hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe,
misery, melancholy |
| Disappointment |
Dismay, disappointment,
displeasure |
| Shame |
Guilt, shame, regret,
remorse |
| Neglect |
Alienation, isolation,
neglect, loneliness, rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection,
insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult |
| Sympathy |
Pity, sympathy |
| Fear |
Horror |
Alarm, shock, fear, fright,
horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification |
| Nervousness |
Anxiety, nervousness,
tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, distress, dread |
So What
Learn to recognise emotions at increasing levels of detail. If you can see
the emotion, then you can respond appropriately to it.
Reference
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or
dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior? In P. Ekman (Ed.),
Emotion in the human face (pp. 39-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gray, J. A. (1985). The whole and its parts: Behaviour, the brain, cognition
and emotion. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 38, 99-112.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press
James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
McDougall, W. (1926). An introduction to social psychology. Boston:
Luce.
Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of
emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 29-50.
Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions?
Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
Panksepp, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions.
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.
Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press,
Philadelphia
Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R.
Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol.
1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.
Tomkins, S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),
Approaches to emotion (pp. 163-195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1984). An attributional approach to emotional
development. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions,
cognition, and behavior (pp. 167-191). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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